QuaternionEngine/docs/Compute.md

Compute System: Pipelines, Instances, and Dispatch

Standalone compute subsystem with a small, explicit API. Used by passes (e.g., Background) and tools. It lives under src/compute and is surfaced via EngineContext::compute and convenience wrappers on PipelineManager.

Concepts

• Pipelines: Named compute pipelines created from a SPIR‑V module and a simple descriptor layout spec.
• Instances: Persistently bound descriptor sets keyed by instance name; useful for effects that rebind images/buffers across frames without re‑creating pipelines.
• Dispatch: Issue work with group counts, optional push constants, and ad‑hoc memory barriers.

Key Types

ComputeBinding — Descriptor Binding Abstraction

Unified wrapper for all descriptor types. Use static factory methods:

struct ComputeBinding {
    uint32_t binding;
    VkDescriptorType type;
    // Union of buffer/image info

    static ComputeBinding uniformBuffer(uint32_t binding, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize offset = 0);
    static ComputeBinding storageBuffer(uint32_t binding, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceSize size, VkDeviceSize offset = 0);
    static ComputeBinding sampledImage(uint32_t binding, VkImageView view, VkSampler sampler,
                                       VkImageLayout layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);
    static ComputeBinding storeImage(uint32_t binding, VkImageView view,
                                     VkImageLayout layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL);
};

ComputePipelineCreateInfo — Pipeline Configuration

struct ComputePipelineCreateInfo {
    std::string shaderPath;                          // Path to .comp.spv file
    std::vector<VkDescriptorType> descriptorTypes;   // Descriptor layout (binding order)
    uint32_t pushConstantSize = 0;
    VkShaderStageFlags pushConstantStages = VK_SHADER_STAGE_COMPUTE_BIT;

    // Optional: shader specialization constants
    std::vector<VkSpecializationMapEntry> specializationEntries;
    std::vector<uint32_t> specializationData;
};

ComputeDispatchInfo — Dispatch Configuration

struct ComputeDispatchInfo {
    uint32_t groupCountX = 1;                           // Workgroup counts
    uint32_t groupCountY = 1;
    uint32_t groupCountZ = 1;

    std::vector<ComputeBinding> bindings;               // Per-dispatch bindings (transient)

    const void *pushConstants = nullptr;                // Push constant data
    uint32_t pushConstantSize = 0;

    // Optional synchronization barriers (inserted after dispatch)
    std::vector<VkMemoryBarrier2> memoryBarriers;
    std::vector<VkBufferMemoryBarrier2> bufferBarriers;
    std::vector<VkImageMemoryBarrier2> imageBarriers;
};

API Surface

Register/Destroy

Method	Description
bool registerPipeline(name, ComputePipelineCreateInfo)	Create and register a named compute pipeline
void unregisterPipeline(name)	Destroy and unregister a pipeline
bool hasPipeline(name)	Check if a pipeline exists

Dispatch

Method	Description
void dispatch(cmd, name, ComputeDispatchInfo)	Record dispatch to command buffer
void dispatchImmediate(name, ComputeDispatchInfo)	Execute immediately (GPU-blocking)

Dispatch Helpers

static uint32_t calculateGroupCount(uint32_t workItems, uint32_t localSize);
static ComputeDispatchInfo createDispatch2D(uint32_t w, uint32_t h, uint32_t lsX = 16, uint32_t lsY = 16);
static ComputeDispatchInfo createDispatch3D(uint32_t w, uint32_t h, uint32_t d,
                                            uint32_t lsX = 8, uint32_t lsY = 8, uint32_t lsZ = 8);

Instances

Method	Description
bool createInstance(instanceName, pipelineName)	Create persistent instance
void destroyInstance(instanceName)	Destroy instance and owned resources
void setInstanceStorageImage(name, binding, imageView)	Bind storage image
void setInstanceSampledImage(name, binding, imageView, sampler)	Bind sampled image
void setInstanceBuffer(name, binding, buffer, size, type)	Bind buffer
AllocatedImage createAndBindStorageImage(...)	Create and bind owned image
AllocatedBuffer createAndBindStorageBuffer(...)	Create and bind owned buffer
void dispatchInstance(cmd, instanceName, info)	Dispatch using instance bindings

Utility Operations

void clearImage(VkCommandBuffer cmd, VkImageView imageView, const glm::vec4 &clearColor);
void copyBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cmd, VkBuffer src, VkBuffer dst, VkDeviceSize size,
                VkDeviceSize srcOffset = 0, VkDeviceSize dstOffset = 0);

Quick Start — One‑Shot Dispatch

For ad-hoc compute work where bindings change each dispatch:

// 1. Register pipeline (once, e.g., in init)
ComputePipelineCreateInfo ci{};
ci.shaderPath = context->getAssets()->shaderPath("blur.comp.spv");
ci.descriptorTypes = { VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_IMAGE, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER };
ci.pushConstantSize = sizeof(BlurPushConstants);
context->compute->registerPipeline("blur", ci);

// 2. Create dispatch info with bindings
ComputeDispatchInfo di = ComputeManager::createDispatch2D(width, height, 16, 16);
di.bindings.push_back(ComputeBinding::storeImage(0, outImageView));
di.bindings.push_back(ComputeBinding::sampledImage(1, inImageView, context->getSamplers()->defaultLinear()));

BlurPushConstants pc{ .radius = 5.0f };
di.pushConstants = &pc;
di.pushConstantSize = sizeof(pc);

// 3. Dispatch
context->compute->dispatch(cmd, "blur", di);

Quick Start — Persistent Instance

For effects that reuse the same bindings across frames:

// 1. Create instance (once, e.g., in init)
context->compute->createInstance("background.sky", "sky");
context->compute->setInstanceStorageImage("background.sky", 0, ctx->getSwapchain()->drawImage().imageView);

// 2. Dispatch each frame (bindings persist)
ComputeDispatchInfo di = ComputeManager::createDispatch2D(ctx->getDrawExtent().width,
                                                          ctx->getDrawExtent().height);
di.pushConstants = &effect.data;
di.pushConstantSize = sizeof(ComputePushConstants);
context->compute->dispatchInstance(cmd, "background.sky", di);

Quick Start — Immediate Execution

For GPU-blocking operations (uploads, preprocessing):

ComputeDispatchInfo di = ComputeManager::createDispatch2D(width, height);
di.bindings.push_back(ComputeBinding::storeImage(0, imageView));
di.pushConstants = &data;
di.pushConstantSize = sizeof(data);

// Blocks CPU until GPU completes
context->compute->dispatchImmediate("preprocess", di);
// Safe to read results here

Integration With Render Graph

Use RGPassType::Compute for graph-managed compute passes:

graph->add_pass(
    "MyComputePass",
    RGPassType::Compute,
    // Build: declare resource usage
    [drawHandle](RGPassBuilder &builder, EngineContext *) {
        builder.write(drawHandle, RGImageUsage::ComputeWrite);  // Storage image write
    },
    // Record: issue dispatch
    [this, drawHandle](VkCommandBuffer cmd, const RGPassResources &res, EngineContext *ctx) {
        VkImageView drawView = res.image_view(drawHandle);

        // Update binding to current frame's target
        ctx->pipelines->setComputeInstanceStorageImage("myeffect", 0, drawView);

        ComputeDispatchInfo di = ComputeManager::createDispatch2D(
            ctx->getDrawExtent().width, ctx->getDrawExtent().height, 16, 16);
        di.pushConstants = &params;
        di.pushConstantSize = sizeof(params);

        ctx->pipelines->dispatchComputeInstance(cmd, "myeffect", di);
    }
);

Benefits:

• Automatic layout transitions to VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL for storage images.
• Integrated barrier management with other passes.
• Per-frame synchronization tracking.

Reference: src/render/passes/background.cpp.

Synchronization

Automatic (Render Graph)

When using the render graph, declare resource usage and let the graph handle barriers:

• builder.write(image, RGImageUsage::ComputeWrite) — storage image write
• builder.read(image, RGImageUsage::SampledCompute) — sampled image read in compute

Manual (Dispatch Barriers)

For standalone dispatches, add barriers to ComputeDispatchInfo:

ComputeDispatchInfo di{...};

// Image layout transition after compute write
VkImageMemoryBarrier2 barrier{
    .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2,
    .srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COMPUTE_SHADER_BIT,
    .srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_STORAGE_WRITE_BIT,
    .dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_2_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT,
    .dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_2_SHADER_SAMPLED_READ_BIT,
    .oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
    .newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
    .image = image,
    .subresourceRange = { VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 }
};
di.imageBarriers.push_back(barrier);

context->compute->dispatch(cmd, "mycompute", di);

Frame-in-Flight Safety

• Descriptor sets use VK_DESCRIPTOR_BINDING_UPDATE_AFTER_BIND_BIT for safe concurrent updates.
• dispatchInstance() uses per-frame descriptor allocator when available, falling back to instance-owned sets.

Shader Example

// myeffect.comp
#version 450

layout(local_size_x = 16, local_size_y = 16) in;

layout(set = 0, binding = 0, rgba16f) uniform image2D outImage;

layout(push_constant) uniform PushConstants {
    vec4 params;
} pc;

void main() {
    ivec2 texelCoord = ivec2(gl_GlobalInvocationID.xy);
    ivec2 size = imageSize(outImage);

    if (texelCoord.x >= size.x || texelCoord.y >= size.y) return;

    vec4 color = vec4(float(texelCoord.x) / size.x, float(texelCoord.y) / size.y, 0.0, 1.0);
    imageStore(outImage, texelCoord, color * pc.params);
}

File Structure

src/compute/
├── vk_compute.h        # Core types and ComputeManager interface
└── vk_compute.cpp      # Implementation

src/core/
├── vk_pipeline_manager.h/cpp   # Unified graphics+compute wrapper
├── engine_context.h            # Contains ComputeManager* pointer
└── vk_resource.h/cpp           # immediate_submit() for GPU-blocking

src/render/
├── passes/background.cpp         # Example: gradient/sky compute passes
├── graph/types.h                 # RGPassType::Compute, RGImageUsage::ComputeWrite
└── graph/graph.h                 # Render graph integration

shaders/
├── gradient_color.comp     # Example: gradient background
└── sky.comp                # Example: procedural starfield

Notes & Limits

• Compute pipelines are not hot-reloaded. Re-create via registerPipeline() if shader changes.
• dispatchImmediate() blocks the CPU; use sparingly for interactive workloads.
• Descriptor pool uses UPDATE_AFTER_BIND flag; ensure driver support (Vulkan 1.2+).
• Instance-owned resources are destroyed with the instance; external resources must be managed separately.

Debugging

• Use Vulkan validation layers to catch descriptor/barrier issues.
• Each dispatch records debug labels when validation is enabled.
• Check ComputeManager::hasPipeline() before dispatch to avoid silent failures.